Testicular Cancer

What is testicular cancer?

Testicular cancer is a cancer that develops in the testicle, most often from germ cells. Although it is less common than many other cancers, it is one of the more common cancers in younger adult men. It is often highly treatable, especially when detected early. ^[1][2][3]

What are the symptoms?

A painless lump or swelling in the testicle is one of the most important symptoms. Some people notice heaviness in the scrotum, a change in testicular size or shape, discomfort, or a dull ache in the lower abdomen or groin. Pain can occur, but not every case is painful. ^[1][2]

Risk factors

Risk factors may include a history of undescended testicle, previous testicular cancer, family history, and certain developmental factors. Having a risk factor does not mean that cancer will definitely occur, but it can increase the need for attention to new testicular changes. ^[1][3]

How is it diagnosed?

Diagnosis may include physical examination, ultrasound, blood tumor markers, and further imaging or surgery depending on the findings. A scrotal ultrasound is commonly used to evaluate a lump, but management decisions depend on the broader clinical picture. ^[1][2][3]

Treatment options

Treatment depends on the tumor type and stage. Surgery is often the first major step, and additional treatment may include surveillance, chemotherapy, radiation in selected cases, or further procedures. The outlook is often favorable when care is started promptly. ^[1][3]

When should someone seek medical care and what can be done for awareness?

A new testicular lump, persistent swelling, unexplained heaviness, or a change in size or firmness should be assessed promptly. The goal is not self-diagnosis, but early evaluation of unusual findings. ^[1][2]