Epiglottitis is inflammation and swelling of the epiglottis, the flap of tissue that helps prevent food from entering the airway during swallowing. When it swells significantly, it can narrow the airway and become life-threatening. ^[1][2][3][4]

Although vaccines have reduced some classic causes, epiglottitis can still occur in both children and adults. Because the airway may worsen quickly, it is treated as a medical emergency when severe symptoms are present. ^[1][2]

What symptoms can occur?

Severe sore throat, painful swallowing, difficulty swallowing saliva, muffled voice, fever, and breathing difficulty are important warning signs. Some people drool because swallowing becomes too painful or difficult. ^[1][2][3]

In advanced cases, stridor, anxiety, leaning forward to breathe, or visible respiratory distress may develop. These are urgent airway red flags. ^[1][4]

What causes epiglottitis?

Bacterial infection is a classic cause, but viral infection, injury, burns from hot liquids, and trauma can also contribute. In adults, the cause may not always be straightforward. ^[2][3][4]

Because the airway is the main concern, the first priority is often stabilization rather than extensive questioning. ^[1][2]

How is it diagnosed and treated?

Diagnosis is based on clinical suspicion and airway-focused assessment. Depending on severity, specialists may examine the throat carefully in a controlled setting. Imaging or direct visualization may be used, but only when it is safe to do so. ^[2][4]

Treatment typically involves airway monitoring, antibiotics when infection is suspected, and hospital care. In severe cases, airway support may be required. ^[1][2][3]

When should emergency help be sought?

Emergency care is necessary if someone has severe throat pain with trouble swallowing, drooling, noisy breathing, breathing difficulty, or a muffled voice. A person who looks like they are struggling to breathe should not wait for a routine appointment. ^[1][2]

The danger with epiglottitis is not just throat discomfort. It is the possibility of airway obstruction. ^[1][4]

FAQ

Is epiglottitis an emergency?

Yes. It can become an airway emergency and requires prompt evaluation. ^[1][2]

Can adults get epiglottitis?

Yes. It is not limited to children. ^[1][4]

What symptoms are most concerning?

Drooling, trouble swallowing, muffled voice, stridor, and breathing difficulty are especially concerning. ^[1][2]

Is a severe sore throat always epiglottitis?

No. Many throat conditions cause pain, but the combination of pain with airway symptoms is particularly concerning. ^[2][3]

Should I go to the ER if swallowing saliva is difficult?

Yes. Difficulty handling saliva with severe throat symptoms warrants urgent or emergency assessment. ^[1][2]